Category: technology | 技術 | 기술 | テクノロジー

It’s hard to explain to someone who didn’t live through it how transformation technology has been. When I was a child a computer was something mysterious. My Dad has managed to work his way up from the shop floor of the shipyard where he worked and into the planning office.

One evening he broad home some computer paper. I was fascinated by the the way the paper hinged on perforations and had tear off side edges that allowed it to be pulled through the printer with plastic sprockets connecting through holes in the paper.

My Dad used to compile and print off work orders using an ICL mainframe computer that was timeshared by all the shipyards that were part of British Shipbuilders.

I used the paper for years for notes and my childhood drawings. It didn’t make me a computer whiz. I never had a computer when I was at school. My school didn’t have a computer lab. I got to use Windows machines a few times in a regional computer labs. I still use what I learned in Excel spreadsheets now.

My experience with computers started with work and eventually bought my own secondhand Mac. Cut and paste completely changed the way I wrote. I got to use internal email working for Corning and internet connectivity when I went to university. One of my friends had a CompuServe account and I was there when he first met his Mexican wife on an online chatroom, years before Tinder.

Leaving college I set up a Yahoo! email address. I only needed to check my email address once a week, which was fortunate as internet access was expensive. I used to go to Liverpool’s cyber cafe with a friend every Saturday and showed him how to use the internet. I would bring any messages that I needed to send pre-written on a floppy disk that also held my CV.

That is a world away from the technology we enjoy now, where we are enveloped by smartphones and constant connectivity. In some ways the rate of change feels as if it has slowed down compared to the last few decades.

  • Building wide for brands + more

    IPA | The Wide and the Narrow of itBuilding Wide, I propose, is driving a brand’s meaning and equity through the power of shared and collective cultural moments.  Building ‘Narrow’ is defined as creating meaning and equity through the power of individual and personal customer experience.  Both of these definitions can impact how a brand grows in the short term as well as the long term. Yet by including this new dimension to how a marketer can manage and grow their brands, it forces us to consider a more complete picture of how brands grow in the 21st century. – thoughts on building wide:

    • Building wide is representative of marketings refocus on the role of culture and brands
    • Collective cultural moments used to exist all the time with common touchpoint like watching two channels on TV and no internet
    • Building wide looks to circumvent the bubbles that have built up thanks to online and marketed media.
    • If building wide sounds old in theory and practice it is. It is old wine in a new bottle. But the new building wide bottle is needed for marketers who don’t know how to market. It isn’t there fault, but the way digital in particular has evolved
    • Digital as an architecture isn’t building wide but narrow
    • From a cultural perspective digital negated geography, which is one of the challenges of building wide when placed in a conventional marketing and selling organisation structure
    • Building wide assumes polarisation can be bridged by brands
    • Building wide is taking a sticking plaster to open heart surgery

    Can Nuclear Power Offer a Way Out of the Climate Crisis? – DER SPIEGEL – yes, but will it be politically expedient is a more pertinent question

    Karl Rove on Donald Trump: “We Will Lose” – DER SPIEGEL – Rove posits that populism isn’t sustainable long term. However leaders like Putin might beg to differ

    Hypercritical: Top Gun – actually a short article on good copywriting

    Beekeeper in China strikes gold with live-streaming – Inkstone – romanticisation of rural life by city dwellers is key to the success in the agri-DTC business farmers are using to reach markets that they otherwise couldn’t engage with

    Generation Putin: how young Russians view the only leader they’ve ever known | Financial TimesBy most calculations, Russia’s economy shrank by 60 per cent between 1991 and 1999, a bigger contraction than during the second world war. Under then president Boris Yeltsin, the country fell into a national depression, cast as the loser in the cold war and no longer the powerful global actor it had believed itself to be – Putin’s sales pitch is economic and social stability

    Should America’s GDP data include drug dealing? | Financial TimesOn a macro level, the implications of this experimental exercise are not earth-shattering: if illegal activities were included, it seems total GDP would be about 1 per cent bigger. Judging from Eurostat figures, this suggests that the illegal sector is slightly larger in the US than in some European countries, but not by that much – also highlights law enforcement inflation of seizure values for publicity and prosecution purposes

    Hu Era > Xi Era? | China Econ Talk – yep Premier Hu did a better job

    From a ‘Race to AI’ to a ‘Race to AI Regulation’ – Regulatory Competition for Artificial Intelligence by Nathalie A. Smuha :: SSRN – PDF

    Robotics and automation in the city: a research agenda: Urban Geography: Vol 0, No 0cities are becoming experimental sites for new forms of robotic and automation technologies applied across a wide variety of sectors in multiple areas of economic and social life. As these innovations leave the laboratory and factory, this paper analyzes how robotics and automation systems are being layered upon existing urban digital networks, extending the capabilities and capacities of human agency and infrastructure networks, and reshaping the city and citizen’s everyday experiences. To date, most work in this field has been speculative and isolated in nature. We set out a research agenda that goes beyond analysis of discrete applications and effects, to investigate how robotics and automation connect across urban domains and the implications for differential urban geographies, the selective enhancement of individuals and collective management of infrastructures, the socio-spatial sorting of cities and the potential for responsible urban innovation

    When Platform Capitalism Meets Petty Capitalism in China: Alibaba and an Integrated Approach to Platformization | Zhang | International Journal of CommunicationCombining platform studies with insights from research on petty capitalism and the political economy of the Chinese Internet, this article takes an integrated approach to analyze key moments in the historical evolution of the Chinese e-commerce monopoly Alibaba since 1999. It argues for a dynamic model of technological and cultural transformations that treats platformization as a set of historically and culturally specific processes and relations constituted by constantly shifting and interacting forces. It finds that in the early days, Alibaba deployed platform mechanisms of participation and commodification to position itself as a democratic and participatory platform contra the deficient infrastructure of the state, while relying on foreign venture capital to keep the tensions of commodification at bay to prioritize market expansion. After Alibaba had achieved monopoly after the 2008 global crisis, it has formed more symbiotic relations with the state, ramping up mechanisms of datafication, selection, and commodification to more effectively extract the surplus value generated through the labor of platform-based petty capitalists

    Graphic Novels Are Comic Books, But Gentrifiedgraphic novels are comic books — or, more precisely, ‘what comics have become in an age of gentrification. This formerly popular medium now wins Pulitzer Prizes and American Book Awards, is exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, and adapted into arthouse films that include the animated Persepolis and the Palme d’Or winner Blue Is the Warmest Color. As the example of the graphic novel shows, gentrification has become increasingly entwined with culture as it continues to spread across urban neighborhoods and seeps into rural enclaves. When the sociologist Ruth Glass coined the term “gentrification” in 1964, she was describing how Victorian properties that served as boarding houses for the poor were being converted into representative apartments for London’s bourgeoisie. Today, we are as likely to associate it with the yoga studios and specialty coffee shops now transforming areas which were long home to large working-class and ethnic-minority populations – I don’t agree with a lot of the assertions in this

    National Sovereignty, European Integration and Domination in the Eurozone | European Review | Cambridge Corethe relationship between national sovereignty and the ability to exercise independent economic policy within the EMU, as well as re-examine the development of this relationship regarding the process of European integration

    The political economy of collective memories: Evidence from Russian politics – ScienceDirectHow do political elites reactivate salient collective memories to entrench their power? We study this question examining a government-led recollection campaign of the traumatic transition the Russian population experienced during the 1990s, starting with the year 2003. Using detailed data from national-level TV and radio as well as a text analysis of 3832 regional and local newspapers, we estimate a higher electoral support for the government, and a lower support for the liberal political opposition, in regions that suffered more during the transition period, once negative memories are recalled on state-controlled media – would also explain the popularity of the Conservatives in areas economically disemboweled by deindustrialisation during the Margaret Thatcher led government of the 1980s

    The New Empirics of Industrial Policy | SpringerLinkNations have and will continue to shape their economies through industrial policy. Nevertheless, the empirical literature on these interventions is thin, dwarfed by the attention industrial policies receive from policymakers across the world. In this paper, I discuss the difficulties of empirically studying industrial policy and review how new econometric work is confronting these issues. Through careful research design and attention to institutional detail, I argue that emergent studies are rapidly expanding what we know—and updating what we thought we knew—about these policies

    Of New Technologies and Old Laws: Do We Need a Right to Violate the Law? | SpringerLink – I disagree with the premise of this. In reality it depends on whether as a tech bro how much you believe the BS of Aryn Rand. Just because technology can break the law doesn’t mean that it should

    Enter the WhatsApper: Reinventing digital activism at the time of chat apps | Milan | First Mondayhow the appropriation of chat apps by social actors is redesigning digital activism and political participation today. To this end, we look at the case of #Unidos Contra o Golpe (United Against the Coup), a WhatsApp “private group” which emerged in 2016 in Florianópolis, Brazil, to oppose the controversial impeachment of the then-president Dilma Rousseff. We argue that a new type of political activist is emerging within and alongside with contemporary movements: the WhatsApper, an individual who uses the chat app intensely to serve her political agenda, leveraging its affordances for political participation. We explore WhatsApp as a discursive opportunity structure and investigate the emergence of a repertoire specific to chat apps. We show how recurrent interaction in the app results into an all-purpose, identity-like sense of connectedness binding social actors together. Diffuse leadership and experimental pluralism emerge as the bare organizing principles of these groups. The paper is based on a qualitative analysis of group interactions and conversations, complemented by semi-structured interviews with group members. It shows how WhatsApp is more than a messaging app for “hanging out” with like-minded people and has come to constitute a key platform for digital activism, in particular in the Global South

    The changing face of technology adoption – Oxford Education Blog – technology has become so ubiquitous as to render the distinction meaningless the distinction between digital natives and digital immigrants

    Elsa B. Kania on Artificial Intelligence and Great Power Competition – The Diplomat – I can also recommend Ms Kania’s white papers. She’s one of the few policy wonks that’s thought about technology competition through a state power lens without shrill alarmism. AI Security and Stability Among the Great Powers | Andrew Imbrie & Elsa B. Kania for CSETIncreasingly, U.S., Chinese, and Russian leaders recognize AI as a strategic technology that could become a critical determinant of future national competitiveness.1 AI/ML may be poised to transform not only our economies and societies, but also the character of conflict.2 The military applications of these technologies have generated particular concerns and exuberant expectations, including predictions that the advent of AI in military affairs could change the very nature of warfare.3 Undeniably, AI has become a new focus of competition among great powers,4 with the potential to disrupt the military balance and undermine deterrence (PDF)

    ChinaEconTalk Inaugural Issue: Huawei Hunted – interesting translation of article from Beijing Cultural Review that provides a comprehensive, if distorted view of the challenges facing Huawei. – Disclosure: I’ve previously had Huawei as a client twice, I have friends that work there but from a corporate culture point of view they’re a bag of messianic douchebags with mediocre software quality control

    China’s Secret Weapon Abroad: Tourists | The Nation – to be fair, Chinese tourists seeing other Chinese people living the good unstressed life and having freedoms they don’t have at home like voting might be a dangerous idea for the CCP. Though I am sure they do try and weaponise the economics, looking at Taiwan’s tourist numbers its a weak weapon

    The strange case of Paul Zimmer, the influencer who came back as a different person – I get him wanting to reinvent himself but he burned to many people to get away with it

    Awash in Disinformation Before Vote, Taiwan Points Finger at China – The New York TimesAt first glance, the bespectacled YouTuber railing against Taiwan’s president, Tsai Ing-wen, just seems like a concerned citizen making an appeal to his fellow Taiwanese. He speaks Taiwanese-accented Mandarin, with the occasional phrase in Taiwanese dialect. His captions are written with the traditional Chinese characters used in Taiwan, not the simplified ones used in China. With outrage in his voice, he accuses Ms. Tsai of selling out “our beloved land of Taiwan” to Japan and the United States. The man, Zhang Xida, does not say in his videos whom he works for. But other websites and videos make it clear: He is a host for China National Radio, the Beijing-run broadcaster. – all this makes President Tsai’s win even more remarkable

    台灣事實查核中心 | Taiwan FactCheck Center – designed to tackle Chinese infiltration. This was backed up by government legislation – Taiwan Passes Anti-Infiltration Act Ahead of Election Amid Opposition Protests – The Diplomat 

    Rising to the China challenge | Kings College London – this about 20 years too late for the UK

    China announces new crackdown on religious freedom | Catholic Herald – and the Vatican has cosied up to them like the Nazis before

    “Patient Zero”: The Philippines Offers A Preview Of The Disinformation Tactics The US Could See In 2020Three years after Duterte’s 2016 campaign rode a wave of false stories, paid trolling, and the resulting Facebook engagement to victory, opposition candidates who once lambasted the president and his legions of digital disinformation agents have adopted some of the same tactics. The result is a political environment even more polluted by trolling, fake accounts, impostor news brands, and information operations, according to a new study. Alarmingly, this uptick occurred in spite of Facebook investing in third-party fact-checking and acting to remove pages and accounts that violated its policies — including the takedown of a network belonging to a key Duterte social media adviser.

    Has the DTC model peaked? | Mobile Dev Memoaudience overlap conflicts, upward pressure on CPMs for the most prized audience segments, the diminished power of over-used conversion events, etc. — are becoming ever more common grievances for DTC companies, it seems likely that growth for the DTC model may have peaked

    bellingcat – Guide To Using Reverse Image Search For Investigations – bellingcat – it is impressive how far Yandex are ahead of Google in this

    How to measure ad response with young audiences | WARC“Children in this age group have some knowledge of advertising; they recognize the persuasive intent of commercials and are skeptical of the truthfulness of advertising claims,” – interesting article

    ‘China’s Facebook’ launches its Hail Mary comeback attempt – Inkstone – Renren looks to become relevant again for Chinese netizens

    The Future of America’s Contest with China | The New YorkerTo a degree still difficult for outsiders to absorb, China is preparing to shape the twenty-first century, much as the U.S. shaped the twentieth. Its government is deciding which features of the global status quo to preserve and which to reject, not only in business, culture, and politics but also in such basic values as human rights, free speech, and privacy. In the lead-up to the anniversary, the government demonstrated its capacity for social surveillance. At the Beijing University of Technology, where students trained to march in the parade, the administration extracted data from I.D. cards to see who ate what in the dining hall, and then delivered targeted guidance for a healthy diet. In the final weeks, authorities narrowed the Internet connection to the outside world, secreted dissidents out of town, and banned the flying of drones, kites, and pet pigeon – basically things are going to go really dark really fast; if the Chinese Communist Party continues to be given free rein

    A Look Back at the Top Apps and Games of the Decade | AppAnnie – guessing WeChat is preloaded on a lot of phones in China???

    Axon v. Federal Trade Commission Media & Investor Briefing Page | Axon – Axon are famous for the Taser and law enforcement body cams. The FTC should be doing this to Facebook, Alphabet, Amazon etc

    ‘The planning process has gone out the window’: Confessions of an agency exec – Digiday – this!

    UK investigates if cyberattack led to stock exchange outage | EngadgetGCHQ intelligence agency is investigating the possibility that the failure may have been due to a cyberattack. It’s reportedly taking a close look at the associated code, including time stamps, to determine if there was any suspicious activity. The exchange was in the middle of updating its systems when the outage happened, and there’s a fear this left systems open to attack – why now?

    2019 Letter | Dan Wang – China’s technology foundations are fragile, which the trade war has made evident. Second, over the longer term, I expect that China will stiffen those foundations and develop firms capable of pushing forward the technological frontier

    What sank Port of Hong Kong’s claim to world’s shipping crown? | South China Morning Post – because China and western companies preferring to transship through Singapore instead

    Nostalgia and eclecticism: A sociologist’s view on social media’s cultural impact | Advertising | Campaign Asiasocial media is breaking apart the bonds of popular culture through which brands communicate with consumers.Online (even before social) helped subcultures breakout and thrive creating massively parallel culture rather than popular culture per se. And thats one of the things that building wide is trying to address.

    Chrome OS has stalled out | Android Police – interesting reflection on cloud and internet performance

    1,500 scientists lift the lid on reproducibility : Nature News & Comment – a huge problem with peer review of results

    Luxury 2030: What luxury brands need to start doing now | Marketing | Campaign AsiaChinese consumers have become the most important worldwide—now accounting for 40% of the entire luxury market. They have a different profile than Western consumers: They’re generally much younger (25-30 is the sweet spot), highly-educated and sophisticated, have high expectations, and are digitally native. But this doesn’t mean stores are obsolete to them. In fact, the opposite is true. But a store can’t just be a transaction place anymore. It has to create a unique experience to have relevance with young consumers.

  • Sega MegaDrive Akira game + more

    A gorgeous unreleased adaption of Akira for the Sega MegaDrive. I presume that these visuals are designed to move the game play from level to level.

    At the time the Sega MegaDrive was innovative. Both in terms of the Sega MegaDrive technology and the marketing that went to support the games console. Sega brought a huge heritage in arcade gaming to the Sega MegaDrive. The neon noir vibes of Akira was a perfect pairing for the console

    As technology has improved computer graphics has become more prosaic. You no longer see the kind of surreal computer graphics visuals that you enjoyed from the late 1970s to late 1990s. VintageCG has archived a lot of early CG demos on YouTube.

    The Witcher was the must watch show on Netflix at the end of last year. It was inevitable that the memeable power ballad Throw A Coin To The Witcher gets the inevitable remixes. Amongst the best is this remix by Whitestone.

    https://soundcloud.com/whiteestonee/the-witcher-toss-a-coin-to-your-witcher-whitestone-remix

    Donald Knuth features in Robert X Cringely’s history of computing from post-World War II to the rise of the personal computer. While Knuth never made a fortune, his ideas facilitated a lot of modern computing. Here’s a great interview with Knuth that will make you appreciate the computing power in the power of your hand today.

    Its hard to to appreciate today the great leaps forward that have been made in semi-conductors. Programmes were once written in 4KB of memory, an app icon might now be 130KB of memory.

    Strange Parts did an amazing video on how lithium polymer ion batteries are made during a recent trip to Shenzhen, China. What immediately becomes apparent for me is the challenge of doing this process in reverse to recycle these batteries once they have reached their end of life.

    Strange Parts at the Pisen Group battery factory
  • Volkswagen Beatle fairwell & other things this week

    Volkswagen Beatle

    Volkswagen Beatle – after seven decades Volkswagen is finally saying goodbye to its most iconic vehicle. It seems the Beatle won’t make it into the electric future of Volkswagen.

    Visual Futurist – Syd Mead

    We lost visual futurist Syd Mead at the end of 2019. Mead was best known now as the stylist on Blade Runner, but had worked for a number of US corporates including Ford and US Steel. He’d also done work for NASA.

    Even if you don’t know Mead, you’ve likely seen his work. Or the stuff influenced by his work.

    My first reaction on hearing the news is that fate is cruel. Mead has left us, but in his place we have Elon Musk.

    Animal thoughts

    Ze Frank for Audible on animals thoughts for Christmas. Animal thoughts for Christmas reminds you of how alien our rituals must seem to our pets. The random associations that they will likely form with things like tinsel. The cat going on about tree torture is the best part of it. But the inner trips of cats on cat nip comes a close second.

    Connected restaurant

    Three Ireland have executed on an idea I investigated back in 2005 for Motorola. Back then it was a lot harder to get the bandwidth and screens to do it. We were also thinking on a bigger scale, connecting Trafalgar Square with public spaces around the world. Three Ireland made the venue more intimate. It was a lovely to see the creative wrapper that Three Ireland put around it that resonates with Irish households around the world.

    Sesame Street

    Sesame Street characters do impressions of each other. I know that some characters might be voiced by the same actors and wonder if that what was going on here. I am constantly amazed by the timelessness of the Sesame Street franchise.

  • China Inc. + more things

    China Inc. goes global. Transnational and national networks of China’s globalizing business elite: Review of International Political Economy: Vol 0, No 0The article finds substantial transnational linkages between the globalizing Chinese business elite and the corporate elite networks of Western globalized capitalism – through corporate affiliations and policy-planning affiliations. At the same time the analysis reveals the strong ties of the Chinese state-business elites to the party-state. Rather than presenting an outright threat to the liberal order and the corporate elite networks at its core, or indicating a co-optation scenario, the article finds evidence for a more hybrid scenario in which China as a corporate actor within the liberal world reveals its two faces: partially and pragmatically integrating and adapting to the liberal modes of networking, while simultaneously holding on to its distinctive state-directed capitalism and the (Party) direction this entails – China Inc. challenges the meaning of what the private sector means. Even private enterprises have a communist party cell who take direction from the state. This direction may be against their shareholders interests. Combine this with the lack of transparent audits for China Inc. companies with foreign listings and you have a toxic brew. More business related content here.

    Impostor Syndrome from Luxury Consumption | Journal of Consumer Researchresearch proposes that luxury consumption can be a double-edged sword: while luxury consumption yields status benefits, it can also make consumers feel inauthentic, producing what we call the impostor syndrome from luxury consumption. As a result, paradoxically, luxury consumption may backfire and lead consumers to behave less confidently due to their undermined feelings of self-authenticity. Feelings of inauthenticity from luxury consumption may arise because consumers perceive luxury as an undue privilege. These feelings are less pronounced among consumers with high levels of chronic psychological entitlement, and they are reduced when consumers’ sense of entitlement is temporarily boosted. The effects are robust across studies conducted in the lab and in field settings such as the Metropolitan Opera, Martha’s Vineyard, a luxury shopping center, and the Upper East Side in New York, featuring relevant participant populations including luxury target segments and consumption contexts including consumers’ reflections on their actual past luxury purchase

    I used Netflix’s DVD mail service to watch movies instead of TV for a year | Slate – interesting observations about media consumption

    How Much Are Cars Spying On Their Owners? – SlashdotOn a recent drive, a 2017 Chevrolet collected my precise location. It stored my phone’s ID and the people I called. It judged my acceleration and braking style, beaming back reports to its maker General Motors over an always-on Internet connection… Modern vehicles don’t just have one computer. There are multiple, interconnected brains that can generate up to 25 gigabytes of data per hour from sensors all over the car… Most hide what they’re collecting and sharing behind privacy policies written in the kind of language only a lawyer’s mother could love… The Tesla Model 3 can collect video snippets from the car’s many cameras. Coming next: face data, used to personalize the vehicle and track driver attention… Coming 5G cellular networks promise to link cars to the Internet with ultra-fast, ultra-high-capacity connections. As wireless connections get cheaper and data becomes more valuable, anything the car knows about you is fair game. GM’s view, echoed by many other automakers, is that we gave them permission for all of this… Five years ago, 20 automakers signed on to volunteer privacy standards, pledging to “provide customers with clear, meaningful information about the types of information collected and how it is used,” as well as “ways for customers to manage their data.” But when I called eight of the largest automakers, not even one offered a dashboard for customers to look at, download and control their data…. GM’s privacy policy, which the company says it will update before the end of 2019, says it may “use anonymized information or share it with third parties for any legitimate business purpose.” Such as whom? “The details of those third-party relationships are confidential,” said GM spokesman David Caldwell.

    In their own words: why voters abandoned Labour | YouGov – a certain amount of post-rationalisation in this type of research, read with caution. I’d also recommend Datapraxis analysis Tory Landslide, Progressive Split

    Catalyst and Cohesion – Worms and VirusesIf there is one word I would use to describe what makes an Apple-like experience, it’s “cohesion”. Any Apple enthusiast is aware of the company’s Human Interface Guidelines (HIG). The Macintosh has had one since 1984. iOS has had one since the launch of the App Store in 2008. Even WatchOS and tvOS have their own versions. Apple has had opinions about building cohesive user experiences for as long as Apple has been building user experiences – the context dependence of each platform is what makes ‘building once, running many places’ so hard for all but the simplest widgets

    China’s $1.3tn global spending spree will collapse, says top US official | Financial TimesChina’s international investments were “100 per cent” like a house of cards because of “debt overload, poor infrastructure, bribes [and] lack of transparency”.  “Everything comes around, it’s only a matter of time. It was only a matter of time before WeWork came around, right?,” Mr Boehler said, referring to the distressed office rental start-up that unravelled this year. “We have to be there as an alternative because I could see China take down a whole bunch of emerging countries . . . there will be more and more cracks and then the glass will break,” he added – but who will be carrying the can for China Inc. if this happens?

    Debenhams sparks fears as it seeks fresh rent cuts | Business | The Sunday TimesThe retail chain is said to be targeting a further 25% reduction on about 20 stores in exchange for scrapping break clauses in the leases. The move has sparked panic among some property owners, who have sounded out rival Mike Ashley about taking on the sites when the break clauses become active

  • Machines for emoting

    Machines for emoting

    Machines for emoting, is the problem of our internet in the palm of our hands? Over the past few years the sentiment towards the internet has changed dramatically.

    iPhone

    Before the internet

    Going back to the 1960s, my parents told me about the ‘No Blacks, No Irish, No Dogs’ signs. These were found in many British towns at the same time that hippies were advocating peace and love. And when Enoch Powell made his rivers of blood speech; 70 percent of British people surveyed agreed with him.

    Real world media and underground subcultures traded blows over racism at a slower pace. Though many of those blows were real.

    Is it the internet?

    This is no longer the information superhighway of Al Gore. The reasons for the changes aren’t obvious. One popular narrative is that algorithms are to blame. It is common to hear that narrative in news media.

    But academic research suggests that it isn’t ‘radicalisation’ by algorithms isn’t true.

    Is it the devices we use?

    There were smartphones before the iPhone. They were made by numerous companies including Nokia, Palm, SonyEricsson, Panasonic and even Microsoft (who partnered with a number of manufacturers). In Japan, NTT DoCoMo put the ‘smart’ in the network through iMode rather than building a mini-PC in the phone itself.

    Smartphones had initially started with business users and gradually broadened its base. Quite early on, phones focused on social functions, a classic example would be Danger’s Sidekick model which was designed for messaging. Nokia first popularised the app store and security signed apps that Apple and Google built upon.

    The move to the ‘pictures under glass’ interface that we now know from Android and iPhone devices coincided with a surge on social.

    Social media existed before 2010, but not as we now know it. Few of us had smartphones in 2009. Facebook’s active user base has grown sevenfold over the past 10 years, and there simply aren’t enough people for that to happen again. Instagram and WhatsApp were both launched about a decade ago, and swiftly absorbed into the mother of all social networks. As for Twitter, let me simply note that Donald Trump only started tweeting in earnest in 2011.

    Tim Hartford in the FT

    Did the pictures under glass metaphor and apps designed to utilise it make social too easy to share? It allows people to emote. From mild emotions usually expressed with emoticons or GIFs to visceral anger that seems to flood Twitter – there seems to be evidence of correlation if not causality. So how can design slow the hose pipe down to encourage more considered responses?

    If that’s the case then user experience design has to play a part in resolving some of the worst issues online, given that people can’t seem to be able to respond appropriately by moderating their behaviour.